Source: https://tendernation.io/buyers/bristol-city-council

[Skip to main content](#main-content)

Buyer profile

# Bristol City Council

GB

Pays suppliers on time?

Mostly pays on time92% of invoices paid within 30 days · 22 days on average (to 30 Sept 2026)[Source](https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/096192-2026)

[ Get alerts for this buyer](/register)[ Ask via FOI](/tools/foi-request-template?buyer=bristol-city-council)[ Download buyer report](/register)

Open now

14

live tenders

Published

5,687

since 10 Feb 2015

Typical value

£150,000

median of 2000 stated values

Value range

£1.6k to £2.3bn

lowest to highest

## Open opportunities

[Vehicle and Plant Accident Repairs](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13be9-e12c-72a7-a2f8-32fae23a9bc8/vehicle-and-plant-accident-repairs)Bristol City Councils Fleet Services Team currently seek an accident and repair service for all BCC fleet and hire vehicles and plant. Vehicles up to 10 Tonne (incl. Horticulture E...

GB£375,000

9 days left

26 Oct 2026

[Soft Market test for Managed XDR Service](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13e2b-eca5-73d4-8963-74983bd40724/soft-market-test-for-managed-xdr-service)Soft Market test for Managed XDR Service. Bristol City Council is conducting a soft market test exercise to assess the marketplace and identify a suitable supplier capable of deliv...

GB

11 days left

28 Oct 2026

[Rough Sleeping Navigators Service](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13be4-722f-71f2-a94d-ef04fde8a292/rough-sleeping-navigators-service)The service will support people with a history of rough sleeping who experience multiple disadvantages and barriers to accessing accommodation and support services. The service wil...

GB£517,835

11 days left

28 Oct 2026

[Electoral Services Specialist Printing Contract](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13bec-33b1-719c-93b6-87ab196cc52d/electoral-services-specialist-printing-contract)To establish a contract with a specialist election printing company to support the production of statutory election and electoral registration materials, including ballot papers, p...

GB£3,614,000

24 days left

10 Nov 2026

[BSH/HRA/Supply of Double Glazed Units and Sheet Glass - DPS](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13e26-b902-7243-9d59-a66bed3ba820/bshhrasupply-of-double-glazed-units-and-sheet-glass-dps)Supply of Double Glazed Units and Sheet Glass - DPS Category 1 - Supply of Double Glazed Units Category 2 - Supply of Sheet Glass

GB

44 days left

30 Nov 2026

[BSH/HRA/Joinery Timber Supplies - DPS](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13e26-b12b-718b-a02e-baa6d844741b/bshhrajoinery-timber-supplies-dps)Joinery Timber Supplies - DPS Timber Supply Hardwoods and Timber Supply Soft Woods and Boards &amp; Door Blanks. Bristol City Council produces high quality joinery manufactured in its...

GB

44 days left

30 Nov 2026

[CSI/CYP/Children’s Care and Support Services Framework](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13ba1-136d-71ed-926b-ad6ad14b5456/csicypchildrens-care-and-support-services-framework)Across the (Bristol, North Somerset, South Gloucestershire) BNSSG footprint we want to address three specific needs we have regarding a gap in commissioned provision for three mark...

GB£28,600,000

76 days left

1 Jan 2027

[RES/SFM: DPS for the provision of Catering Supplies](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13b9d-82e7-713a-823b-68854e2784d8/ressfm-dps-for-the-provision-of-catering-supplies)Bristol City Council, wish to set up a new Dynamic Purchasing System (DPS) for the provision of Catering Supplies.

GB

226 days left

31 May 2027

[CSI/ED/Alternative Learning Provision (ALP) Framework](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13e28-2f55-72a5-8943-74dc744f778e/csiedalternative-learning-provision-alp-framework)Alternative Learning Provision (ALP) Framework

GB

318 days left

31 Aug 2027

[RES/Bristol Apprenticeship Service DPS](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13e2b-c5d8-71d4-8b24-5ed507aa838b/resbristol-apprenticeship-service-dps)Bristol City Council, wish to set up a new Dynamic Purchasing System (DPS) for the provision of Education and Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) registered providers to support the deliv...

GB

318 days left

31 Aug 2027

[CSI/ED/Therapists, Mentors and Tutors Approved Provider List](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13e28-36f6-72be-88cb-83a68b1d4f64/csiedtherapists-mentors-and-tutors-approved-provider-list)Update: The Council intends to substantially reduce the use of, and eventually to no longer be commissioning tutoring or mentoring services using this framework. Please therefore a...

GB£16,337,800

318 days left

31 Aug 2027

[CSI/CYP/Home to School and Social Care Transport](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13b91-7edb-7311-9601-6bd781e724e0/csicyphome-to-school-and-social-care-transport)Provision of Home to School and Social Care Transport.

GB£50,000,000

440 days left

31 Dec 2027

[CSI-CYP-Enhanced Provision Childminding Service - Approved Provider List](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13e28-3f65-7356-b798-9f4e8247ea6b/csi-cyp-enhanced-provision-childminding-service-approved-provider-list)Bristol City Council Early Years and Childcare Service provides a package of enhanced childminding and support to children, predominantly under the age of two, where the child and/...

GB

531 days left

31 Mar 2028

[Adult Social Care Providers Single Framework](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13e26-0296-70c7-84cc-60fddaedf2e3/adult-social-care-providers-single-framework)Bristol City Council (BCC) wishes to appoint multiple suppliers to an open framework for various social care functions and placements - a Single Framework for Adult Social Care (AS...

GB

2680 days left

17 Feb 2034

## How this buyer buys

93 of Bristol City Council's notices were call-offs from a framework, DPS or dynamic market, worth £105,914,060 in total. Only suppliers on the route can win that work.

- [RM3821 Data and Application Solutions](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM3821)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.5 call-offs£7,581,387last 3 Apr 2023
- [RM3741 Project Management and Full Design Team Services](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM3741)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.5 call-offs£588,349last 7 Jul 2021
- [RM6255 Voucher Schemes](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6255)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.4 call-offs£4,360,000last 24 Nov 2022
- [RM3816 Estates Professional Services](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM3816)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.4 call-offs£118,300last 23 Feb 2021
- [RM6168 Estate Management Services](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6168)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.3 call-offs£677,000last 29 Oct 2025
- [RM6187 Management Consultancy Framework Three (MCF3)](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6187)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.3 call-offs£663,330last 13 Sept 2023
- [RM6068 Technology Products &amp; Associated Services](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6068)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.3 call-offs£7,532,458last 19 Jun 2023
- [RM3733 Technology Products 2](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM3733)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.3 call-offs£5,557,000last 24 Jul 2018
- [RM6161 Provision of Clinical and Healthcare Staffing](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6161)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.2 call-offs£1,200,000last 30 Jun 2022
- [RM6099 Transport Technology &amp; Associated Services](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6099)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.2 call-offs£210,568last 1 Oct 2025
- [RM6116 Network Services 3](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6116)FrameworkNo: framework closed until about 17 Jul 2027It ends 17 Jul 2027, so a replacement is likely to be tendered before then. That is your chance to get on it.2 call-offs£3,160,000last 16 Jan 2026
- [RM3749 Public Sector Resourcing](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM3749)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.1 call-off£100,000last 16 Nov 2023
- [RM6014 Modular Building Solutions](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6014)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.1 call-off£75,000last 13 Aug 2021
- [RM6059 Office Supplies](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6059)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.1 call-off£126,000last 23 May 2022
- [RM6008 Management Consultancy Framework Two (MCF2)](https://tendernation.io/frameworks/RM6008)FrameworkNo: this framework has expiredExisting call-offs can run on. Watch for its replacement.1 call-off£20,000,000last 29 Jan 2021

### DPSs and dynamic markets Bristol City Council runs

- PEP/CYP/Dynamic Purchasing System for 16+ High Support Accommodation for Young PeopleDynamic purchasing systemOpen to join nowRuns to 31 Mar 2027[How to apply ](https://www.contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/notice/361d4d3f-5276-4bc5-91a2-fef1e635c2b5)
- Supply of Double Glazed Units and Sheet Glass - DPSDynamic purchasing systemOpen to join now[How to apply ](https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/ocds-h6vhtk-045a6d-2024-05-17T14:03:09+01:00)
- RES/SFM: DPS for the provision of Catering SuppliesDynamic purchasing systemOpen to join nowRuns to 31 May 2027[How to apply ](https://procontract.due-north.com/)
- BSH/PRK/Outdoor Childrens Play, Youth and Associated Facilities in Public Parks and Green Spaces DPSDynamic purchasing systemOpen to join nowRuns to 8 Jan 2027[How to apply ](https://www.contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/notice/e5ef5d06-ebd2-4086-bcd7-a7b1e587b950)
- BSH/HRA/Joinery Timber Supplies - DPSDynamic purchasing systemOpen to join nowRuns to 30 Nov 2026[How to apply ](https://www.contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/notice/61bb650a-28a0-47f1-bcab-876e4e274fd0)
- BSH/HRA/Supply of Double Glazed Units and Sheet Glass - DPSDynamic purchasing systemOpen to join nowRuns to 30 Nov 2026[How to apply ](https://www.contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/notice/0bd08ab4-8a5b-4db0-9566-ac1d8e5326b5)
- CSI/CYP/Home to School and Social Care TransportDynamic purchasing systemOpen to join nowRuns to 31 Dec 2027[How to apply ](https://procontract.due-north.com/)
- BSH/HRA/Metal Works - Dynamic Purchasing System (DPS)Dynamic purchasing system · closedRuns to 23 Sept 2022
- Fire Safety Works - Dynamic Purchasing System (DPS)Dynamic purchasing system · closedRuns to 31 Mar 2025
- Joinery Timber Supplies - DPSDynamic purchasing system · ceased
- Bristol City Council - Adult Social Care Single Framework Pre-Tender Provider EventDynamic purchasing system · closedRuns to 31 Aug 2023
- BSH/HRA/Fire Safety Improvement Works - Way Finder Signage - DPSDynamic purchasing system · closedRuns to 5 May 2023
- BSH/HRA Waking Watch DPSDynamic purchasing system · closedRuns to 10 Jan 2023

## Procurement contacts

People Bristol City Council named as contact points in its own tender and award notices, newest first.

362 contacts published by Bristol City Council

Names, emails and phone numbers exactly as the buyer published them in its notices. Included with Professional and Business.

[Start free trial](/register)

## How contested Bristol City Council's contracts are

From the award notices we hold. Each figure shows how many contracts it's based on, and we hide figures with too few to say anything. A re-tender counts as kept when a supplier on the earlier contract also won its successor.

Bristol City Council, all contracts, awards 2002 to 2026

165 of 1204re-tendered contracts kept by the incumbent14% retention

7.3bids per award on average63 of 202 awards had a single bid

45%of awarded value to the top 3 suppliers2788 suppliers, 4782 valued contracts

328 of 1066contracts won by SMEswhere the winner declared its size

2006 of 5008contracts won by suppliers new to this buyer40% new-entrant win rate

Business plans see the same figures for each of the 38 sectors this buyer awards in.

##  Recent contract awards

- [INVICTUS MECHANICAL LIMITED](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/invictus-mechanical)

    [Holymead Primary School Heating Works](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a14571-383b-701d-887a-6e22f33e9d93/holymead-primary-school-heating-works)

    £81,750

    16 Oct 2026
- [JEFF WAY ELECTRICAL SERVICES LIMITED](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/jeff-way-electrical-services)

    [Repairs and planned works service (Bristol Sanctuary Tenancy Scheme) 2026-28](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13beb-9fd2-70f7-8c46-ab5fd0497158/repairs-and-planned-works-service-bristol-sanctuary-tenancy-scheme-2026-28)

    £480,000

    1 Oct 2026
- [Bath &amp; North East Somerset Council](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/bath-and-north-east-somerset-council)

    [Children's Social Care Subject Access Request (SAR) redaction](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13beb-38bb-723f-b0c1-d40f6d1c7038/childrens-social-care-subject-access-request-sar-redaction)

    £50,000

    25 Sept 2026
- [Portakabin Ltd](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/portakabin)

    [Claremont Redevelopment - Kingsweston Temporary Classrooms - Installation &amp; Lease](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13d19-d9ff-7218-aeb4-7a9d52198c40/claremont-redevelopment-kingsweston-temporary-classrooms-installation-leas)

    £599,888

    18 Sept 2026
- [Walters UK Limited](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/walters)

    [Cascade Steps Landing Platform Repairs](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13d17-db35-70ed-a2b3-51bb3a2b6239/cascade-steps-landing-platform-repairs)

    £900,000

    17 Sept 2026
- [Connor Construction (South West) Limited](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/connor-construction-south-west)

    [Pre-Patching 2026 (East)](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13d1f-adc3-736f-801d-9473ab46ecb2/pre-patching-2026-east)

    £445,639

    17 Sept 2026
- [MENDIP TOILET HIRE LIMITED](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/mendip-toilet-hire)

    [Mendip Toilet Hire](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13bea-58b9-7154-bb15-5dd3c3893b1a/mendip-toilet-hire)

    £8,000

    17 Sept 2026
- [Data Privacy Advisory Service (DPAS)](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/data-privacy-advisory-service-dpas)

    [Children's Social Care Subject Access Request (SAR) redaction](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13bea-6501-70cd-93f2-8ce26fbd05d8/childrens-social-care-subject-access-request-sar-redaction)

    £50,000

    17 Sept 2026
- [NORDIC PRODUCTS &amp; SERVICES LTD](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/nordic-products-and-services)

    [Chewing Gum Removal Task Force 2026](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13beb-444b-7293-9a54-8bc406e5cd96/chewing-gum-removal-task-force-2026)

    £27,500

    16 Sept 2026
- [Bassitys Ltd](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/bassitys)

    [Minor Highways Works - Maintenance of Traffic Free Paths (Cycleways](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13bea-71c1-73cf-9dee-ea21b76a5f10/minor-highways-works-maintenance-of-traffic-free-paths-cycleways)

    £37,020

    14 Sept 2026
- [BEN ELWES LIMITED](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/ben-elwes)

    [Externally funded Drawing of Henry Ulusiboo](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13bea-1168-7313-b7b4-ee27ceca96d6/externally-funded-drawing-of-henry-ulusiboo)

    £40,000

    10 Sept 2026
- [QUALTER, HALL &amp; COMPANY LIMITED](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/qualter-hall-and)

    [Underfall Yard Sluice Repairs - Phase 4](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13be9-d9b4-7087-a3df-4e8996efd1c6/underfall-yard-sluice-repairs-phase-4)

    £60,000

    10 Sept 2026

## Contracts coming up for renewal

Bristol City Council's contracts ending in the next two years, from award notices and its own contract register. Most go back out to tender, so this is the time to get to know the buyer.

- [G&amp;R/HRA/Branwhite Housing Development Scheme](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13d07-a8ee-70f9-8661-051fa5841151/grhrabranwhite-housing-development-scheme)[Stepnell Ltd](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/stepnell) · Award noticeEnds 19 Oct 2026£14,184,120
- [17 Derwent Road - Adaptation](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13d17-d6ef-729e-9d22-065fa0b3deb1/17-derwent-road-adaptation)[Hudson Plumbing &amp; Heating Services Ltd](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/hudson-plumbing-and-heating-services) · Award noticeEnds 21 Oct 2026£63,994
- [Financial Recovery Service](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13cfe-e9b7-70c1-a8bf-cbc826ed8ad5/financial-recovery-service)[Great Western Credit Union Ltd](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/great-western-credit-union) · Award noticeEnds 26 Oct 2026£110,000
- [G&amp;R/Repairs and maintenance, managed accommodation for refugees](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13cbe-6e73-7343-a64d-ad1c4dc51d0e/grrepairs-and-maintenance-managed-accommodation-for-refugees)[Snape Construction](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/snape-construction) · Award noticeEnds 26 Oct 2026£400,000
- [CSI/ASC/Care Home Contract - Queensbridge House - 6133 27.10.22](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13ca6-f9cc-718b-9a7e-75b5bcb2cca4/csiasccare-home-contract-queensbridge-house-6133-271022)[Queensbridge House](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/queensbridge-house) · Award noticeEnds 27 Oct 2026£413,136
- [Chewing Gum Removal Task Force 2026](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13beb-444b-7293-9a54-8bc406e5cd96/chewing-gum-removal-task-force-2026)[NORDIC PRODUCTS &amp; SERVICES LTD](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/nordic-products-and-services) · Award noticeEnds 28 Oct 2026£27,500
- [Castle Park Detailed Design](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13cfd-b6bf-73ef-8c63-c9e089cd9875/castle-park-detailed-design)[Constellia Public Ltd](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/constellia-public) · Award noticeEnds 29 Oct 2026£849,953
- [Social Care and Education Placement](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13be9-dc2b-72d0-8057-429ee711a461/social-care-and-education-placement)[ORCHARD HOUSE NURSING HOME LIMITED](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/orchard-house-nursing-home) · Award noticeEnds 30 Oct 2026£188,423
- [RES/FIN/ Corporate Payment Vouchers Scheme](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13cdf-de39-73d0-8c84-b5bfc2938440/resfin-corporate-payment-vouchers-scheme)[Blackhawk Network EMEA Limited](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/hawk-incentives) · Award noticeEnds 30 Oct 2026£15,000,000
- [Mendip Toilet Hire](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13bea-58b9-7154-bb15-5dd3c3893b1a/mendip-toilet-hire)[MENDIP TOILET HIRE LIMITED](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/mendip-toilet-hire) · Award noticeEnds 30 Oct 2026£8,000
- [Lot 5 DN791451 Pre-Patching 2026 (South)](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13d23-3a06-707a-bfb6-f3196cb1cf83/lot-5-dn791451-pre-patching-2026-south)[Connor Construction (South West) Limited](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/connor-construction-south-west) · Award noticeEnds 30 Oct 2026£372,266
- [CSI/ASC/Care Home Off Framework Contract - 2026863 31.10.22](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13ca9-5236-72fa-aae7-df9f5cbbd926/csiasccare-home-off-framework-contract-2026863-311022)[Barchester Healthcare Homes Ltd](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/barchester-healthcare-homes) · Award noticeEnds 31 Oct 2026£160,808
- [Bristol City Council Swipecard and Barcode Payment Services](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13c3a-6094-70e3-a19c-fac4578c524c/bristol-city-council-swipecard-and-barcode-payment-services)[allpay Limited](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/allpay) · Award noticeEnds 31 Oct 2026£2,250,000
- [Social Care or Education Placement](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13bea-d396-722a-9be5-15dc54faf1aa/social-care-or-education-placement)[NURSELINE COMMUNITY SERVICES LTD](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/nurseline-community-services) · Award noticeEnds 31 Oct 2026£92,800
- [BSH/IT - Digital TRO Software - Appway (Traffic Regulation Order Management System) - G Cloud 13](https://tendernation.io/opportunities/01a13cf9-cd30-7358-883f-5774ccb6eda1/bshit-digital-tro-software-appway-traffic-regulation-order-management-syst)[Yellow Line Parking](https://tendernation.io/suppliers/yellow-line-parking) · Award noticeEnds 31 Oct 2026£142,500

## Buyer intent

Signs Bristol City Council is getting ready to buy: committee papers and decisions, published commercial pipelines and hiring for procurement or digital leads. Each comes with the evidence and a link to the source.

- Committee paperProcurement strategy

    Re-procurement of the Parks Tennis Contract

    Meeting

    19 Oct 2026
- Committee paperApproval to procure

    Procurement of Display, Exhibition and Signage Services

    Meeting

    12 Oct 2026
- Committee paperBudget or capital programme

    Medium Term Financial Strategy and Capital Strategy 2027-28

    Meeting

    12 Oct 2026

3 signals in the last year. The quotes and source links come with the Business plan.

[See Business plan](/pricing)

## Know where Bristol City Council publishes its data?

We couldn't find Bristol City Council's forward plan, spending or contract register on our own. If you know the page, send it and we'll check whether we can read it.

[Sign in](/login) to send a link.

## What they buy

- [Health and social work1697](https://tendernation.io/sectors/health-social-work)
- [Construction work802](https://tendernation.io/sectors/construction-work)
- [Education &amp; training439](https://tendernation.io/sectors/education-training)
- [Architecture, engineering &amp; surveying286](https://tendernation.io/sectors/architecture-engineering-surveying)
- [Software packages &amp; information systems203](https://tendernation.io/sectors/software-information-systems)
- [Transport services172](https://tendernation.io/sectors/transport-services)

[Browse all sectors ](/sectors)Win work with Bristol City Council

Get an alert the day they publish, an AI summary of every notice and a fit score against your business.

[ Get alerts for this buyer](/register)[Read: how to win your first public contract](/guides/how-to-win-your-first-public-sector-contract)

Never miss a tender from Bristol City Council

TenderNation watches Contracts Finder, Find a Tender, Public Contracts Scotland, TED and the World Bank every day and emails you what fits. Free plan available.

[All buyers](/buyers)[Get alerts for this buyer ](/register)

14-day free trial, no card required
